A Comparative Study of Selected Geography Curricula for Hong Kong and England with Special Reference to Environmental Education

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xv

CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION
1.1 Environmentalism and environmental education 1
1.2 Geography curriculum and environmental education 14
1.3 Background of the present study 23
1.4 Literature Review 25
    1.4.1 Research on the relation of geography curricula to environmental education and geography teachers' perceptions of geographical objectives
 25
    1.4.2 Research related to the HKCE geography curriculum
 28
    1.4.3 Research and studies on effective geography teaching and teaching strategies for environmental education
 29
    1.4.4 Research related to the implementation of environmental education in schools
 34
1.5 Statement of research questions and purpose of the study 36

CHAPTER II --- RESEARCH METHOD
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 Questionnaire survey 44
2.3 The New Environmental Paradigm Scale: a measure of individual environmental worldview 50
2.4 Limitations of the study 55

CHAPTER III --- RELATION OF SOCIAL CHANGE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN HONG KONG AND ENGLAND
3.1 Educational system and geographical education in Hong Kong and England 57
3.2 Emergence of environmental consciousness and environmental protection 60
3.3 Shift in geography paradigms and its influence upon curriculum development 69
3.4 Competition from contending subject of environmental studies in England and Hong Kong 83
3.5 Development of geographical education in England in the social and educational context since the post-war years 88
3.6 Development of geographical education in Hong Kong in the social and educational context since the post-war years 97
3.7 The role of public examinations 103

CHAPTER IV --- ANALYSIS OF THE SENIOR SECONDARY GEOGRAPHY CURRICULA IN HONG KONG AND ENGLAND WITH REFERENCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
4.1 Senior secondary geography curricula in Hong Kong 106
    4.1.1 Major sources of influence: Curriculum Development Council and Hong Kong Examinations Authority
 106
    4.1.2 Aims and objectives
 109
    4.1.3 Man-land approach and studies of issues
 110
    4.1.4 Assessment
 116
4.2 Senior secondary geography curricula in England 118
    4.2.1 Major sources of influence: National Criteria for GCSE examinations and HMI
 118
    4.2.2 Aims and objectives
 121
    4.2.3 Midland Examining Group Geography Syllabus D as an example of study
 125
    4.2.4 Syllabus content
 126
    4.2.5 Assessment objectives and coursework assessments
 129
4.3 Senior secondary school geography curricula in Hong Kong and England: a comparative analysis 139
    4.3.1 Introduction
 139
    4.3.2 General aims and objectives
 140
    4.3.3 Assessment objectives and scope of content
 143
    4.3.4 Teaching strategies
 152
    4.3.5 Other features
 153

CHAPTER V --- GEOGRAPHY TEACHING IN HONG KONG AND ENGLAND AND ITS RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
5.1 Teachers' perceptions of the curriculum objectives 166
5.2 Use of teaching resources 169
5.3 Extent of environmental education in geography teaching and teaching environmental issues 181
5.4 Activities related to environmental education 187
5.5 Perceptions of effective and desirable teaching strategies 197
5.6 Problems encountered in implementing environmental education 204
5.7 Environmental attitudes 215
5.8 Relation between environmental attitudes and extent of environmental education 222

CHAPTER VI --- CONCLUSION
6.1 Summing up 228
6.2 Looking ahead: limitations and possibilities 235
6.3 Further discussion 241
6.4 Suggestions for future investigations 243

NOTES
245
APPENDICES
    A. Educational system and geographical education in Hong Kong and England
 247
    B. Questionnaire for the Hong Kong respondents
 259
    C. Questionnaire for the English respondents
 263
    D. GCSE Geography syllabuses: further examinations
 267
    E. Environmental emphases in selected GCSE Geography syllabuses
 287
    F. Use of textbooks for GCSE Geography courses in England and HKCE Geography courses in Hong Kong
 288
    G. Coursework item from an ESF school in Hong Kong
 290
    H. Coursework items from a secondary school in England
 294
    I. Fieldtrip assignment from a secondary school in Hong Kong
 297
    J. Perceptions of teaching strategies for teaching the topics of pollution, urban environment, energy resources, population and physical environment (J1-5)
 299
    K. Different agenda for environmental education in senior secondary school geography curricula
 304
BIBLIOGRAPHY 308
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