Journal of Education and Psychology

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of goal setting and expectancy on individual's motivation. One hundred and twenty students were assigned randomly to 4 experimental conditions differing in terms of goal setting methods (assigned vs. participatively set goals) and goal-expectancy differences (consistent vs. different). The results indicated that: (a) For assigned goals groups, expectancy consistent groups performed better than expectancy different groups (b) For expectancy different groups, participatively set goals groups had greater VIE increment than assigned goals groups, (c) For those with participatively set goals, expectancy different groups had greater VIE increment than expectancy consistent groups, (d) participatively set goal groups had higher goal acceptance than assigned goal groups, and (e) expectancy consistent groups had higher goal acceptance than expectancy different groups.

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